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There is a third concept, too, though it was little understood at the time. The Battle over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Robert W. Righter Oxford University Press, Mar 17, 2005 - History - 328 pages 0 Reviews. Roosevelt was not a self proclaimed trustbuster, but he did make a few efforts to break up combinations. Regarding labor issues, Roosevelt was willing to look at the side of the workers, not just the employers. o Longer life expectancy Hetch Hetchy Valley is a treasure worth visiting. These helped to advance the As a consequence, visitors came to experience it for themselves. Who was picked to be Roosevelt's successor? But camped together beside jewel-like Lake McDonald in what would become Glacier National Park, they took a liking to each other. menright to vote (Elizabeth Cady Stanton). Subsequent proposals for development in our national parks have been defeated by citizen activists inspired by calls to remember Hetch Hetchy. o Assistant secretary of the navyproponent of expansion party continued to develop. Formed alliances with other women's groups to get things done (Women's Trade Union LeagueWTUL). Pinchot upset and leaked the information to the press and asked Congress to investigate. He connected the new forests to his beloved national parks, he wrote of God in nature, he compared the commissions congressional opponents to yellowjackets in a horses ear. Hetch Hetchy represented the first great environmental controversy in the US, [10] and debate over the dam and reservoir continues today. Subject. be the Republican candidate. The battle for the Hetch Hetchy Valleys future was not simply preservation versus conservation. Western states accused Cleveland of an imperialist land grab. Nevertheless, some women, the new middle-class did enter professional careers. Enjoy elegant touches like wrap-around porches, and fresh-baked cookies served daily. He lobbied congressmen, compromised with logging and mining companies, and argued for a forest system in which these disparate groups could jointly pursue their interests. To help the poor, there must be an improvement in the conditions. In 1923, the O'Shaughnessy Damwas completed on the Tuolumne River, flooding the entire valley under the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir. If youre especially in the mood to relax and let yourself be taken care of, The Blackberry Inn is a luxury bed and breakfast situated on 36 acres and surrounded by National Forest land. Campaign for Republican nomination became a battle between Roosevelt and Taft. a. In 1901, one of the first professions to organize on a national level was in the field of, When it came to environmental issues, Theodore Roosevelt professional organizations, trade associations representing businesses and needed to be tightly regulated by the federal government. He wrote, I have always called it the Tuolumne Yosemite, for it is a wonderfully exact counterpart of the great Yosemite, not only in its crystal river and sublime rocks and waterfalls, but in the gardens, groves, and meadows of its flowery park-like floor. 46. California Rep. John E. Raker submitted a bill to Congress granting the city of San Francisco the right to dam the Hetchy Hetchy Valley as a reservoir and also provide the city the right of municipalized electricity as well. o Opponents called them the "Wobblies". Suffrage movement gained momentum when states began extending suffrage to women. Congress would decide the fate of the Hetchy Hetchy Valley. How are these opinions different than and similar to today? More Than Just Parks | National Parks Guides. Plus, they needed a way to bring supplies and workers into the mountains. Garfield was responding to critics who believed that the federal governments primary responsibility was to use the nations public resources for development in the service for the greatest number of people. o Strongest in urban immigrant communities and Protestant farmers in the South and Midwest o Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislation The Tuolumne River originates in the peaks above Tuolumne Meadows and is the major drainage system for the northern part of Yosemite. Sign up for the email list and join an active community of monthly readers. The chief replied, There is no valley. This fight set the stage for future battles between those who believed natural resources were to be used for the greatest good versus those who believed natural resources were to be preserved for the greatest enjoyment. o They supported pacifism and labor organizing In the sum of American economic expansion the intrusion might have seemed a minor, obscure matter, but to [John] Muir immense issues were involved: why had the nation preserved that pure wildness in the first place? Chapter 28 Apush. How did Wilson purpose to deal with the problem of monopolies? o Some argued that immigration should be restricted by nationalitythe "new immigrants" were less apt to assimilate. Why did Roosevelt push for the passage of the Meat Inspection Act? America needed enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies to create stability. It was the second tallest dam in the U.S. at the time. o Laws passed restricting lobbying by business interests in state legislatures. In 1913, Woodrow Wilson appointed Lane his Secretary of the Interior. It is 13 miles from the Yosemite National Park border and twice as close to the park than the town of Groveland. Had it been, the Sierra Clubs members would have presented a united front in opposition to its development. Why did voter turnout decline? To get to Hetch Hetchy, turn north off Highway 120 onto Evergreen Road about 1 mile (2.2 km) outside the Big Oak Flat Entrance gate, and 12.5 miles (20 km) east of the small community of Buck Meadows. For all the similarities between Hetch Hetchy Valley and Yosemite Valley, there is one enormous difference the Hetch Hetchy reservoir. APUSH Chapter 21 Vocabulary. Forests might provide for the material well-being of human beings, but they did not exist for this reason alone. Required fields are marked *. . Describe the controversy that destroyed Taft's popularity with reformers for good. Muir fought in the pages of theAtlanticandHarpers Weekly. This limits their ability to access spawning habitat, seek out food resources, and escape predation. This is why environmental impact statements, which were not required prior to 1969, are so important today. Now San Francisco wanted to dam one of the two principal watersheds in the park, the Hetch Hetchy valley through which ran the Tuolumne River, to create a reservoir for its water supply. But how did the dam get to be here? As the Hetch Hetchy Valley was part of Yosemite National Park, Hitchcock preferred to protect the parks natural wonders. For Muir, nature was God, best preserved far from the degrading touch of man. "New woman"a product of social and economic changes Club movement allowed women to define a space for themselves in the public world without openly Instead, the magnificence of a valley often described as Yosemite Valleys slightly smaller twin takes center stage. They needed to find a way to increase the power of the electorate and decrease the power of the bosscontrolled legislatures. Taft investigated the charges and decided they were groundless. Bierstadts paintings and Muirs writings began to publicize the beauty of the Hetch Hetchy Valley. Second, dams slow rivers. Describe the different approaches to municipal reform. What dramatically weakened the socialists? Pinchot was recognized as a leader of the conservation movement. State governments responded by requiring the licensing of all physicians. . What were the different progressive opinions regarding immigration? To get the electricity they would need, they first built a smaller dam at Lake Eleanor. Looking up at Wapama Falls from the footbridge on the hiking trail. Yosemite Westgate Lodge offers newly-remodeled and well-appointed modern accommodation. Pinchot was Americas Forester. He served as the first head of the United States Forest Service. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. should be ended altogether. Muir would die just over a year later, and many would define Hetch Hetchy as the tragic climax of his life. o Referendum: provided a method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the The fundamental issue involved two concepts. What was the Hetch-Hetchy controversy? Albert Bierstadt was known for his sweeping landscapes of the American West. They respected each other, and acknowledged their shared appreciation for the natural world. o New scholarly theories argued that the immigrants were polluting the nation's racial stock. Historians of the American conservation movement regard Pinchot as the foremost exemplar of the utilitarian approach to conservation, according to which man has a right to use natural resources, but also an obligation to use them wisely and efficientlyor as the classic criterion put it, the greatest good for the greatest number over the long run. As applied to forests and espoused by Pinchot, this meant that the nations forest reserves ought not to be maintained as inviolate sanctuaries, but opened to enlightened management.. In 2019, Restore Hetch Hetchy commissioned another study that found enormous recreational value from removing the dam. Morgan not used to being told "no". Photo: Theresa Ho, Of course, the proposal was immediately opposed by environmentalists including the Sierra Club and John Muir. Subjects: 28 apush chapter . What impact did muckrakers have on the American public? Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire 1901 doctors reorganized the American Medical Association into a national professional society. The story of these two icons of American environmentalism is told in John Claytons bookNatural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, published last August. And in a larger sense, the waters of California served as the converting agents. The National Park Service conducted research to determine what would happen if the dam were removed, and people have repeatedly proposed costly studies to further understand the consequences of removing the dam. Legal walls must be built about them for defense, for every park will be attacked. Others envisioned a moderate reform that would allow small-scale private enterprise to survive, but would nationalize major industries. Muir deeply inspired Pinchot, who in turn helped influence Muirs writing. Progressives differed on their approach. o Election of the mayor nonpartisan San Francisco could flood the valley and work began the following year. He read the book written by Upton SinclairThe JungleRoosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act. The constitutional amendment adopted in 1920 that guarantees women the right to vote. A. adopted several, but not all, major Populist issues. Your email address will not be published. In the foreground, the deep still water of Hetch Hetchy Reservoir reflects sunshine, clouds and the proud shadows of the surrounding mountains. But Hetch Hetchy was a federally protected as part of Yosemite National Park. Some opposed "bigness" because the considered it inefficient. He added significantly to the National Park System. The muckrakers played a highly visible role during the Progressive Era. Many progressives considered the elimination of alcohol from American life a necessary step in restoring order to society. Yet we tend to focus on the latter, the story that pits Muir and Pinchot against each other. Once again, the political pendulum had swung. the double-declining-balance method is an accelerated method of depreciation. What impact did it have on the temperance movement? What was the WTUL? Use good judgment and stay safe. The naturalists and advocates of the dam argued for years and eventually after WWI, the dam was approved and constructed. What impact did he have on state-level reform? Born in Massachusetts, educated at Fisk University and Harvard. o As president, he became a champion of cautious, moderate change. The Women's Christian Temperance Union. They felt government must regulate competition to ensure that large combinations did not emerge. . The history of Californias growth is inextricably linked to the search for water. Some claimed if women could vote war would become a thing of the pastcalming, maternal influence (WWI gave a final decisive push to suffrage). If youre a poet, if youre religious or spiritual, or youre an artist, youre probably a Muir person. You can expect one (short) email per week. While opponents of the dam were hard pressed for financial support, the city of San Franciscos campaign was well financed. Its a a wonderful place to see spring waterfalls and wildflower displays. The team redirected money between banks, secured further international lines of credit, and bought plummeting stocks of healthy corporations. "HETCH HETCHY" ran the headline on September 4, 1913: The only time to set aside national parks is before the bustling needs of civilization have crept upon them. That trip is a 19.1-mile (22.9 km) out and back, or you can turn the hike into a loop that returns past Rancheria Falls (28.2 miles, 45.4 km). Although Hetch Hetchy is included within the boundaries of Yosemite National Park, the entrance is separate from the rest of the park. In 1896, the Democratic political platform. How did they accomplish their goals? The new 68-mile (109 km) railroad wound its way up the narrow canyon of the Tuolumne River past sharp curves and up steep 4% grades. What professions were considered "suitable" for women? . o Nursing. Public disapproval nationwide with the Raker Act helped to bring about the creation of the National Park Service. Furthermore, they provided a place for the wild plants and creatures to live out their own lives, according to their purposes. First, they block rivers which prevents fish from migrating. Du Bois: had never known slavery. As Muir famously protested: Dam Hetch Hetchy? Roosevelt continued with the lawsuit and the Supreme Court ruled that the Northern Securities Company must be dissolved. What is the Nineteenth Amendment? The Panic of 1907 was a relatively serious economic downturn in the United States caused by a New York credit crunch that spread across the nation and led to the closings of banks and businesses. View of the OShaughnessy Dam and the Hetchy Hetchy Road and parking. In his political program known as "New Freedom," Woodrow Wilson believed trusts Why? Round percent to hundredths. Was he a good choice? He was able to create balance and win reelection in 1904. This can lead to algal blooms and decreased oxygen levels. Preservationists led by John Muir and the Sierra Club argued that the valley should be protected against human. The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism | Oxford Academic Online ISBN: 9780199788934 Print ISBN: 9780195149470 Publisher: Oxford University Press Book The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy: America's Most Controversial Dam and the Birth of Modern Environmentalism Get access Robert W. Righter It pitted Gifford Pinchot, Americas first forester, against John Muir, Americas legendary conservationist. How did the following contribute to the reform effort? Third, dams alter natural habitats and change the ways in which rivers function. Pinchot also worked with the National Conservation Commission in 1910. At full capacity, the reservoir stretches eight miles (13 km) upstream of the OShaughnessy Dam. Due to Union pressures, other similar laws were passed in 5: 1297089180: initiative: A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. Hetch Hetchy valley was a spectacular valley highly populated with naturalists. However, not until 1987 under President Reagan did hope resurfaced that we may actually get it back. What was the most important source of reform in the West? Municipal government (city) became one of the first targets of those working for political reform. San Francisco Mayor James Phelan led the fight to build a dam at Hetch Hetchy. him was beyond question. A few became physicians, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and corporate managers. The commission reported their recommendations to President Grover Cleveland in 1889, engulfing Cleveland, Pinchot, and the rest of the commission in a political firestorm. Put another way, if Congress denied the city of San Francisco the Hetch Hetchy Valley, the California Progressive leaders suspected that it would only be a matter of time before the emerging Pacific Gas and Electric Company would grab the area. The first targets were trusts (particularly the railroad). There is no Starbucks here no daily parade of tour buses and RVs. Some endorsed the radical goals of European Marxists Second, the sanctity of the national parks which they believed should not be violated. What were the differing viewpoints of socialists regarding the economy? But what about when the lake dries? Residents from San Francisco, however, wanted to use the territory to get water for their growing population. Complete ruin of the national economy was averted when J.P. Morgan stepped in to meet the crisis. both A and B Once again, the political pendulum would swing. In 1908, by a wide margin, San Francisco voters approved building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. It got its name from when TR exclaimed he felt "as strong as a bull moose". He said, So we come now face to face with the perfectly clean question of what is the best use to which this water that flows out of the Sierras can be put. Learn what to expect from Mirror Lake in various seasons. The evidence was West and East. Most reformers agreed that the growing immigrant population had created social problems. At the time, neither side understood the long-range consequences of human actions to manage the environment. It is only a cut in the hills through which the Tuolumne River runs, but if you think there might be a valley keep looking and if you find such a place I will give it to you., Nate went on looking for the valley. Explain the success of the child-labor laws supported by Wilson. Another popular trail crosses the OShaughnessy Dam and then takes a left turn to climb steeply out of the Hetch Hetchy valley. In the autumn of 1871, John Muir visited Hetch Hetchy for the first time. Were they successful? 4.9 (8 reviews) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. By 1919, 39 states had granted women the right to vote in at least some elections. Recall: Initiative and Referendum The book confronts the common historical narrative that Muir and Pinchot were enemies, their relationship defined by their battle over the creation of the Hetch Hetchy Dam in Yosemite. less demanding the electorate for approval. The founder of the Sierra Club worshiped the outdoor world. Muckraking magazinesnotably McClure's of the publisher S. S. McCluretook on corporate monopolies and political machines, while trying to raise public awareness and anger at urban poverty, unsafe working conditions, prostitution, and child labor. Hetch Hetchy Valley: The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. Theodore Roosevelt led the fight in favor of building a dam at Hetch Hetchy. it to the people. Although the Hetch Hetchy was a place of great beauty, Pinchot's personal priorities lay in providing resources to a growing citizenry. Guinn v. United States (1915): Supreme Court declared the grandfather clause in Oklahoma law was unconstitutional. He was opposed by then Mayor Diane Feinstein who argued that the dam was San Franciscans birthright. Whom did the party nominate? The deciding factor was whether or not the land in question had access to water. To do so, it would either have to buy out the private monopoly at an exorbitant price or outmaneuver or outbid Spring Valley for a potential new reservoir., (Source: Natural Rivals: John Muir, Gifford Pinchot, and the Creation of Americas Public Lands, John Clayton). First, the beauty of the valley which they felt should not be sacrificed to build a dam. Robert La Follette: governor of Wisconsin. How did the following influence reform: What sparked the settlement house movement? o 1911, Triangle Shirtwaist Company in New York destroyed by a terrible fire. He was a firm believer in utilitarian conservation. Horace Albright, the second director of the National Park Service, wrote that Franklin Lanes appointment to the cabinet was made specifically for the purpose of pushing this [Hetch Hetchy project], the so-called Raker-Pittman Bill. (Source: The Battle Over Hetch Hetchy, Robert W. Righter).